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Rail transport in Russia
Rail transport in Russia has been called as one of the economic wonders of the 19th, 20th, and 21st century.〔Intro adapted from Russell Pittman, "Blame the Switchman? Russian Railways Restructuring After Ten Years," working paper, Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice, 2011. (Blame the Switchman? Russian Railways Restructuring After Ten Years )〕 The Russian railways are ranked second longest globally, behind the railways of the United States. The volume of freight hauled is third behind the United States and China. In overall density of operations (freight ton-kilometers + passenger-kilometers)/length of track), Russia is second only to China.
==Characteristics==
Geographically, Russia is a much larger country than both the United States or China, therefore its rail density (rail tracking/country area) is lower than that of these of the two (much lower in the case of the United States). Since Russia's population density is also much lower than China and the U.S. (excluding Alaska), the Russian railways carry freight and passengers over very long distances, often through vast, nearly empty spaces. Their average length of haul is ranked second in the world, behind only the United States and tied with Canada. Coal and coke make up almost one-third of the freight traffic and have average hauls of around 1500 kilometers, while ferrous metals make up another 10 percent of freight traffic and travel an average of over 1900 kilometers. Many remote shippers and customers have access either to only very poor alternative shipping options by road or water, and to those alternative options for only part of the year.
Like most railways Rossiiskie Zheleznyie Dorogi carries both freight and passengers, it is one of the most freight-dominant railways in the world, behind only Canada, the United States, and Estonia in the ratio of freight ton-kilometers to passenger-kilometers. However per head of population intercity passenger travel is far greater than the United States (which has the lowest long distance passenger train usages in developed world). Measured by the share of freight carried, RZD is second to none among the world's largest railways in its importance to its country's economy.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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